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The economy of Iran is a mixed and transition economy with a large public sector. Some 60% of the economy is centrally planned.〔(Iran privatizes $63bn of state assets ). PressTV, November 29, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.〕〔"A survey of Iran: Stunted and distorted". ''The Economist'' (2003)〕 It is dominated by oil and gas production, although over 40 industries are directly involved in the Tehran Stock Exchange, one of the best performing exchanges in the world over the past decade.〔 With 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas reserves, Iran is considered an "energy superpower".〔 〕〔 It is the world's eighteenth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) and twenty-nine by nominal gross domestic product. The country is a member of Next Eleven because of its high development potential.〔(Matthew Lynn: Are you brave enough to invest in Iran? ). ''Wall Street Journal (Market Watch)'', March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.〕〔(Asa Fitch: Post-Sanctions Iran Could Be A Turkey-Size Win for Investors ). ''Wall Street Journal'', March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.〕〔(Ramin Mostaghim, Alexandra Sandels and Patrick J. McDonnell: Iran businesses await a post-sanctions bonanza ). ''Los Angeles Times'', March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.〕〔(Robert W. Jordan: Iran Could Become an Economic Superpower ). Time Magazine, July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 31, 2015.〕 A unique feature of Iran's economy is the presence of large religious foundations called Bonyad, whose combined budgets represent more than 30% of central government spending.〔(Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan Oppressed and Disabled Veterans Foundation (MJF) ). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved February 6, 2011.〕 Price controls and subsidies, particularly on food and energy, burden the economy. Contraband, administrative controls, widespread corruption,〔(Iran falls to 168 in Corruption Perception Index ). Transparency International (2009). Retrieved November 19, 2009.〕〔(Country Report ). Freedom House (2007). Retrieved October 29, 2009.〕 and other restrictive factors undermine private sector-led growth.〔 〕 The legislature in late 2009 passed the subsidy reform plan. This is the most extensive economic reform since the government implemented gasoline rationing in 2007. 〔 Most of the country's exports are oil and gas, accounting for a majority of government revenue in 2010.〔(Iran oil exports top 844mn barrels ). PressTV, June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010.〕 Oil export revenues enabled Iran to amass well over $100 billion in foreign exchange reserves as of 2010.〔(Iran Has Foreign Exchange Reserves Topping $100 Billion, Ahmadinejad Says ). ''Bloomberg'', October 30, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.〕 Iran ranked first in scientific growth in the world in 2011 and has one of the fastest development in telecommunication globally.〔〔 Due to its relative isolation from global financial markets, Iran was initially able to avoid recession in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis.〔Massoud Parsi: (May 22, 2010) (The tragicomedy of Iran sanctions ). Al-Jazeera, May 22, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2013.〕 Yet, following increasingly stringent sanctions imposed by the international community as a result of the country's nuclear program,〔Ladane Nasseri and Dana El Baltaji: (Iran’s Economy to Shrink on Tighter Sanctions, World Bank Says ). ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', June 12, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.〕〔Farnaz Fassihi: (Iran's Economy Feels Sting of Sanctions ). ''Wall Street Journal'', October 12, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2010.〕 oil exports fell by half, allowing Iraqi oil exports to overtake Iran's for the first time since the 1980s.〔(Javier Blas: Iraqi oil output overtakes Iran’s ). ''Financial Times'', August 10, 2012 (subscription required). Retrieved September 17, 2012.〕 In September 2012, the Iranian rial fell to a record low of 23,900 to the US dollar. Exports aided self-sufficiency and domestic investment, although double-digit unemployment and inflation remain problematic.〔 Iran's educated population, high human development, constrained economy and insufficient foreign and domestic investment prompted an increasing number of Iranians to seek overseas employment, resulting in a significant "brain drain".〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Human Development Report 2014 – "Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience" )〕 ==History == (詳細はCroesus of Lydia was defeated and captured by the Persians, who then adopted gold as the main metal for their coins.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk/goldcoinsbriefhistory.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.galmarley.com/framesets/fs_monetary_history_faqs.htm )〕 There are accounts in the biblical Book of Esther of dispatches being sent from Susa to provinces as far out as India and the Kingdom of Kush during the reign of Xerxes the Great (485–465 BC). By the time of Herodotus (c. 475 BC), the Royal Road of the Persian Empire ran some 2,857 km from the city of Susa on the Karun (250 km east of the Tigris) to the port of Smyrna (modern İzmir in Turkey) on the Aegean Sea. Modern agriculture in Iran dates back to the 1820s, when Amir Kabir undertook a number of changes to the traditional agricultural system. Such changes included importing modified seeds and signing collaboration contracts with other countries. Polyakov's ''Bank Esteqrazi'' was bought in 1898 by the Tzarist government of Russia, and later passed into the hands of the Iranian government by a contract in 1920.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Banking in Iran )〕 The bank continued its activities under the name of ''Bank Iran'' until 1933 when incorporating the newly founded Keshavarzi Bank.〔〔 The Imperial Bank of Persia was established in 1885, with offices in all major cities of Persia.〔 Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–41) improved the country’s overall infrastructure, implemented educational reform, campaigned against foreign influence, reformed the legal system, and introduced modern industries. During this time, Iran experienced a period of social change, economic development, and relative political stability.〔 Reza Shah Pahlavi, who abdicated in 1941, was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1941–79). No fundamental change occurred in the economy of Iran during World War II (1939–45) and the years immediately following. However, between 1954 and 1960 a rapid increase in oil revenues and sustained foreign aid led to greater investment and fast-paced economic growth, primarily in the government sector. Subsequently, inflation increased, the value of the national currency (the rial) depreciated, and a foreign-trade deficit developed. Economic policies implemented to combat these problems led to declines in the rates of nominal economic growth and per capita income by 1961.〔 Prior to 1979, Iran developed rapidly. Traditionally agricultural, by the 1970s the country had undergone significant industrialization and modernization.〔〔 The pace slowed by 1978 as capital flight reached $30 to $40 billion 1980-US dollars just before the revolution.〔(Shirin Hakimzadeh. Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home ). Migration information source (2006). Retrieved July 18, 2009.〕 Following the nationalizations in 1979 and the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War, over 80% of the economy came under government control.〔 The eight-year war with Iraq claimed at least 300,000 Iranian lives and injured more than 500,000. The cost of the war to the country's economy was some $500 billion.〔(Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) ). Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved October 21, 2009.〕 After hostilities ceased in 1988, the government tried to develop the country's communication, transportation, manufacturing, health care, education and energy sectors (including its prospective nuclear power facilities), and began integrating its communication and transportation systems with those of neighboring states. The government's long-term objectives since the revolution were stated as economic independence, full employment, and a comfortable standard of living, but at the end of the 20th century, the economy faced many obstacles. Iran's population more than doubled between 1980 and 2000 and its median age declined. Although many Iranians are farmers, agricultural production has consistently fallen since the 1960s. By the late 1990s, Iran imported much of its food. At that time, economic hardship in the countryside resulted in many people moving to cities.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Iran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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